One to many

Why this shape

One item matching several: a category to its members, a cause to its effects. It tests the whole of a relationship, not one link.

An example. Match each vitamin to every food that is a good source of it.

What it is

Pair-and-order questions ask the student to arrange: match items across two columns, put steps in sequence, sort items into groups, rank by a criterion. The knowledge tested is relational: not what a thing is, but how it goes with other things.

Why it is needed

Much of what is worth knowing is a structure: which term goes with which definition, which step follows which, which example belongs to which category. A single multiple-choice question cannot test a structure; an arrangement can, and it does so with partial credit, so a student who has most of it is told so.

When to use it

Use matching for terms and definitions, symbols and meanings, causes and effects. Use sequencing for processes, procedures, timelines and code. Use sorting for classification. Use ranking where the criterion is settled and the order is the knowledge.

How to write one well

Keep the items in a set of one kind, so the arrangement tests knowledge and not the reading of a mixed list. Give more items on the right than the left in a matching question, or make the extras plausible, so elimination does not do the work. For sequences, use four to seven steps; fewer is trivial, more is a memory test.

For one to many in particular. Mark each link separately with partial credit on.

Mistakes to avoid

A matching question with the same number of items each side and an obvious last pair. Steps that could reasonably be done in another order. Groups that overlap. A ranking whose criterion is a matter of opinion.

How EdProcto marks it

EdProcto marks arrangements by rule: each pair and each placement is its own small question when partial credit is on, and a sequence earns credit for every pair of steps that is the right way round, less every pair that is not, so the score reflects how much of the structure the student holds. The right-hand side of a matching question and the items of a sequence are shuffled with a seed the student does not have, so the page carries no key.